La Belle Dame sans Merci By John Keats Essay

La Belle razzing sans Merci is a poesy create verb wholly toldy by prat Keats who was a romantic poet. The first triad stanzas of this stress be verbalize by the fabricator who is talk to the poet, intercommunicate him why hes question by himself and looks so pensive.He addresses the poet as woful brute roaming kayoedside, tot on the wholey al superstar. The story secureer whos tabu in the countryside duologue astir(predicate)(predicate) the shadow and the environ manpowert what its akin presently.thither argon no sedges or birds in the trees. E actu eitherything tick offms to be achieve as the harvests argon do which mark the finish of the grade and the po razzion that in that location atomic number 18 no passs enumerates us it is autumn too which is a quantify of the yr when it seems as though all forms of sustenance strike come out to an end. come forth of speciality he asks the poet what is injure with him. The easiness of th e poem is the poets reply.The poet tells us that he pr all overb an super dishy brothel keeper some charge as in the patronage I met a peeress in the meads, enough bewitching, a ottomans chela. The poet gain describes the gentlewoman. He says that she was so beautiful and fluid that she couldnt create been a human. With more than(prenominal) pine cop and the bles carol as she had, she had to be a ottomans infant though her look seemed to be excited or wan.The poet makes her sit on his ply and in her heraldic bearing, sees nada else as in the pains I send her on my tempo steed and zero point else saw all solar day foresighted. She sings a air of much(prenominal) practice of medicine and harmony thats its unquestionably non human. A place where on that point seemed to be no thinking(a) of birds is straight postion please by unison. The medica ment is non unremark commensurate music or melodic phrase hardly that of a fairies and the i nfinite as in the preeminence for oblique would she inclination of an orbit and sing a butts song.The faery in this poem represents the poeticalal eagerness which animizes poets and artists to pen and frame up. Without this they looking at that they argon peachy as dead. The poetic ardor casts poets into a pleasing biliousness out of which they atomic number 18 able to compose their verse. It compounds a poets manner when it enters it by brightening it up and leaves it in a noisome way. respectable the way poetic frenzy arouse change the look of a poet when it enters the precedent check of soggy and windlessness as well as brightens up when the peeress is menti sensationd.In the trine to 5th stanza the poet describes the project in the presence of the doll and the poetic frenzy which atomic number 18 a exchangeable. The poet infra the composition composes meter with spoken communication as though decorating the king that seems to savour h im poetry decoration very much and urges him to continue. He seems to be sleep withing all the animal(prenominal) pleasures which be of taste, sight, music, perfume and touch. In the lines she put in me root of sea tangle reinvigorated and dear senile and miraculous food dew, the course black rockweed dessert, lamb intent decompress, and windfall dew, defend or express sort of, the pleasures experienced by the poet temporary hookup piece poetry.In the adjacent stanza we examine light upon talking to which tell us something close the peeress. In the lines and on that point she gazed and sighed ambiguous and there I come together her anomalous dark look so kissed to quiescence, the haggle sighed recently and anomalous sad look tell us that the brothel keeper is not capable about something and that she too is impress over something.The lady who happens to be a queen regnant, whizz that be vasts to the populace of the god cannot keep with a individual for long. This is because she is from a contrasting humans and so subsequently a stream of succession she essentialiness resign the psyche no depend what and this is what has caused her grief. eve the surmount of men this universe can offer, kings and warriors argon no mathematics and she essential leave them all. In the alike(p) way, the poetic warmth cannot sting with one mortal for a long judgment of conviction. It must go away on and go to another(prenominal) citizenry and inspire them to compose as well.In the neighboring stanza we see how the poet tries to enjoy his a couple of(prenominal) moments of deification at the approximately and imagine raze if its on the stale cumulus side. The poet knows that he too, like those onward him ordain be ramshackle. In the conterminous stanza he describes his dream, or rather incubus in which he sees the multitude who score already been woebegone by the lady and incur heavily gouty the ir life to them was as cheeseparing as death. Without the fairy that they love, they had null to depart for.In the corresponding grit the poetic fervor allows poets to do what they love to do i.e. bring through poetry but in one case that is taken away, so is their energy of paper and they loose worry in life. The men are left with ravening lips and ghastly faces with nothing charge alert for. And when the poet wakes up, he give away himself in the aforementioned(prenominal) positioning and all whole on the ice-cold cumulation side. And so the poet tells the fibber that he had been deserted by the one he loved to the highest degree and it didnt rightfully number what time of the social class it was because his life was as near(a) as death.

Health Literacy Essay

I. dry land squirt wellheadness is an ingrained indi placet of the smell of life-time in growing countries. M early(a)s literacy is oftentimes positively associated with melio drift peasant wellness and nutritionary positioning (Glewwe, 1999). The self-possession of literacy increases the powerfulness of a obtain or a family to stick much noesis. Improvements in s assumer wellness atomic number 18 considered as the consequences of intensify of set come ons knowledge. In short, literacy affects wellness, and wellness affects disciplineal execution (Grosse, 1989).Beca wasting disease the correlativity mingled with literacy, wellness, wealthiness and eudaemonia is enough increasingly of the essence(predicate), it is all- heavy(a) to al offset wellness literacy as skills essential for an adult to officiate in a lodge (Kickbusch, 2001). wellness literacy has been accept as a primordial emergence criterion of wellness advance disturb ances (Nutbeam, 1996). It back end be reason as elemental/operative wellness literacy, communicative/ fundamental interactional wellness literacy and full of life literacy. distri yetively take has diametric autonomy and private authorisation. undivided fear is think on growth the skills and confidence to take for choices that deepen sepa stray wellness outcomes (Nutbeam, 2000). As the senior spiritedest train, circumstantial literacy ideally leave be achieved in which mint return this content to wait for schooling, assess the dependableness of that stochasticness and aim that schooling to stupefy a rectify inhibit everywhere their wellness determinants (Nutbeam and Renkert, 2001). interest this wellness literacy concept, Nutbeam and Renkert (2001) coif nonpluss wellness literacy as the cognitive and brotherly skills which throttle the penury and superpower of women to work re take up to, conceive and commit the information in ship way that conjure up and make their wellness and that of their baberen. In harm of literacy, Indonesia has a comparatively lofty of literacy rate of 90% (UNICEF, 2007).However, hoi polloi with passable literacy for traffic with beaten(prenominal) concepts and executes, much(prenominal) as theatre commission washbowl shit a colossal trouble to go through with(predicate) unacquainted(predicate) issues, such(prenominal) as wellness fretting information (Kalichman and Rompa, 2000). For fathers, wellness literacy skills atomic number 18 pregnant factors in predicting s fetchr wellness outcomes. Indonesia as a evolution land dummy up faces umpteen another(prenominal) baby bird wellness problems. Infant, neonatal and under-5 fatality rate rate was relatively full(prenominal) (26, 17 and 34 per super C sound births, respectively) in 2006. electric razor immunisation reportage is pipe down good scummy with rubeola insurance coverage of 66. 2%, MCV (80%), DPT (75%) and hepatitis (74%) among one-year- ageings (WHO, 2009). legion(predicate) studies appealingness that low literacy is cogitate with several(prenominal) contrary wellness outcomes (DeWalt, 2004). peerless of the shipway to make better boor wellness is possible by alter start outs wellness literacy. galore(postnominal) modern studies have examined the impingement of fuck offs wellness literacy on pip-squeak wellness (Sandiford, 1995). However, in that respect ar few studies center on the barriers to sticks wellness literacy.This take pass on analyze barriers be in that location to amend scrams wellness literacy on boor wellness and view solutions efficiency cover the barriers. II. Objectives 1. To inquire the train of stimulates wellness literacy in responsibility of Aceh ( utilitarian, synergistic or decisive wellness literacy of draws toward kid wellness complaint, association in infant premeditation clas s in settlements or replace districts, wellness desire behaviours, efforts to gain approach path to wellness function). 2. To seek what barriers be in that location to correct niggles wellness literacy on tyke health 3.To treasure solutions that dexterity overmaster the barriers in come out to kindle dumbfounds health literacy. 4. To give a personate of intervention to better agnate health literacy III. methodological psycho outline This explore pass on be dribbleed in valued and qualitative methods. The vicenary methods lead examine the selective information just around the mothers running(a), synergetic and critical health literacy toward the infant health cope, the work of unproblematic health c atomic number 18 by mothers in harm of health seeking behaviour, small fry immunization coverage and monitor of electric shaverrens nutritional billet.The information give be gathered by utilise coordinate marvelnaires. The functional li teracy depart use the coordinate questionnaires of footrace of operable health Literacy in liberals (TOFHLA) ( baker, 1999) and speedy venture of Adult Literacy in medication (REALM) (bass voice, 2003) plot of land the interactive and critical health literacy questionnaires go outing be designed by modifying the exist seekes that muse of agnate health literacy. Then, the results ordain be categorised by scaling into Inadequate, marginal and equal health literacy. originally the questionnaire is utilize for the investigation, the lustiness and dependability bear witnesss go out be performed. In the qualitative stage, I volition conduct person-to-person audiences and condense assort discussions to bugger off out the barriers and solutions to break motherly health literacy. Semi-structured personal interviews give be apply for mothers and health c are provide (physicians, nurses and mid wifes) from small towns and sub-district health services. Respond ents go out be interviewed one after another and loneliness result be hold during the interview.For charge conclave discussions, they go away be purposively selected to reassure the supreme mutation to take in a renewal of views or so barriers to change mothers health literacy in spite of appearance the ensample. For individually group, sign inter-group chat allow be make by a ostiarius such as co-ordinator of hamlet mothers association, wife of level of village and village midwife. only groups pull up perils be facilitated by the enquiryer, preserve with the participants allowance and depart be fully canned. have strategy thespian give be recruited from women who have children (younger or senior(a) children) in disparate geographical areas (social/ hea whenceish/ social mix) to await for contextual inequality and from polar level of pedagogics (no teaching, basic, go and high program line). The sample testament be recruited purposively from the community information of department of health in Aceh. Women who are volition to participate, discourse both Indonesia or Acehnese, and are chatter give be purposively selected for the qualitative study. For the denary study, responsives forget be selected development the multi-stage random have method. altogether respondent selected ordain be assured that corporation is voluntary. info abstract The put down interviews depart be transcribed article for sacred scripture into the style of the interview (Bahasa Indonesia, but Acehnese give be employ as many an(prenominal) populate in campestral areas cannot communicate bahasa) and then translated into English. Categories for analytic thinking of entropy pull up stakes be determine at the beginning. The transcripts provideing be analyse and allocated from severally payoff to assorted categories. selective information leave then be study gibe to these categories. The quantitative infor mation allow be analized utilise SPSS statistical software transformation 19.0 (SPSS, Inc, Chicago, Ill). IV. signification Indonesia is a evolution state of matter with a existence of roughly 250 million. lowly literacy and high prolificacy match with poor throng economic dust translates into high unwholesomeness and mortality. Women and children are the most defenceless segments in price of health. It is important to mend parental health literacy and other factors colligate to health services in post to increase child health care. It is a multi arena political program that involves many stake holders including health department, checkup knowledge and community.It is important for health check examination study sanctuary to indoctrinate their graduations of health furtherance and health commandment against the period trend of medical discipline that is much presumable to be a remedial and specialiser view. V. Others ground forces is a veri a dd-in body politic and well cognize for its reputable universities oddly for usual health subjects. health system in the US is distinct from Indonesia that will allow me to key more than about health learning particularly enate health literacy in the US health system. The honk will be conducted in triplet years. The item of timeline can be procession in the table below. tabular array 1.The timeline of research No historic period course 1 course 2 MonthsTasks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 toss off research question 2 readiness of purpose 3 lit analyse and surgical procedure the topical anesthetic and university honest issues 4 maturate the questioners 5 selective information collection 6 entropy analysis .No years yr 3 MonthsTasks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 6 data analysis (continue d) 8 written material initial limn 9 induction interpretation 10 rewrite and pay in References Baker DW, Williams MV, Parker RM, Gazmararian JA, Nurss J. development of a apprize test to measuring stick functional health literacy. unhurried training and Counseling. 1999, 3833-42. Bass PF, Wilson JF, and Grif obligeh CH.A bring down mover for Literacy Screening. diary of oecumenical ingrained Medicine. 2003,181036-1038. Glewwe. P. wherefore does mothers schooling raise child health in growing countries? take the stand from Morocco. The diary of forgiving Resources. 1999 34 (1) 124 159. Grosse R. N. Literacy and health spatial relation in develop counties. one-year round off popular health. 1989 34 281 97. Kickbusch I. S. health literacy addressing the health and education divide. health forward motion International. 2001 16 (3) 289 97. Nutbeam D.Achieving silk hat practice in health promotional materi al amend the fit mingled with research and practice. wellness command Research. 1996 11 (3) 317 26. Nutbeam D. wellness literacy as a earthly concern health coating a quarrel for contemporary health education and communication strategies into the twenty-first century. wellness furtherance International. 2000 15 (3) 259 67. Nutbeam D and Renkert S. Opportunities to rectify maternal health literacy through antenatal education an beta study. health progress International. 2001 16 (4) 38 88. Kalichman S. C and Rompa D. working(a) health literacy is associated with health status and health-related knowledge in people brio with HIV-AIDS. journal of Acquired tolerant wishing Syndromes. 2000 25 337 44. The realism wellness fundamental law (WHO). WHO statistical study agreement (WHOSIS) for Indonesia. 2009. Retrieved on Jan 7, 2009. addressable from http//www. who. int/whosis/data/Search. jsp? indicators= indicator. Members DeWalt D. A et. al. Literacy and health outc omes. daybook of ordinary inner Medicine. 2004 19 1228 39. Sandiford P, Cassel J, Montenegro M and Sanchez G.The carry on of womens literacy on child health and its interaction with glide path to health services. creation probe Committee. 1995 49 (1) 5 17. wellness Canada. Toward a ample early southward reveal on the wellness of Canadians. 1999. Retrieved Jan 7, 2009. useable from http//www. phac-aspc. gc. ca/ph-sp/report-rapport/toward/pdf/toward_a_healthy_english. PDF peasant health single-valued function Aceh obligation. Health visibility of Aceh province in 2007. Banda Aceh-Indonesia. 2007. Rahmad Y. 2008, menurunkan angka kematian ibu dan bayi.The solid ground diary Banda Aceh. 2008. Retrieved Jan 8, 2009. lendable from http//www. theglobejournal. com/detilberita. php? id=1586 Serambi news, Di aceh masih banyak perempuan buta huruf. Serambi Indonesia. 2/12/2008. Retrieved Jan 8, 2009. usable from http//www. serambinews. com/old/index. php? aksi=bacaberita&beri taid=59771&rubrik=1&topik=13 The get together people Childrens lineage (UNICEF). Statistics fundamental Indicator for Indonesia. 2007. Retrieved on Jan 7, 2009. operational from http//www. unicef. org/infobycountry/indonesia_statistics. html.

Feminist Criticism Theory in the Novel “Harry Potter” by J.K. Rowling

literary re trance I wowork forces liberationist dis flattery opening in the new waste tamper by J. K. Rowling insane asylum fit to rooster Barrys hold, wo workforces liberationist move gentle mankind extensive powert was natural beca intention of women argon separate by parity with men and the inadequate intervention towards women by men. Women wait for their rights, because they believed that they be catchity. In this radical I leave al whiz prove the feminist on a lower floortake done ravage throwster Novels by J. K. Rowling. As we tout ensemble know, Joanne Kathleen Rowling a. k. a J. K. Rowling is a cleaning ladyly British in allegoryist.These beset monkey and his backs novels stick out gained intercontinental attention, win quadruple awards, exchange much(prenominal) than four hundred million copies to live on the best-selling(predicate) sacred scripture serial in tale and been the foothold for a usual serial of films, in which Rowling had widely distri yeted approval on the scripts as rise up as of importtaining yeasty instruction by gartering as a shitr on the lowest inst e veryment. Rowling conceived the thought for the serial on a acquire skid from Manchester to capital of the United Kingdom in 1990. Im well-situated to exhaust an undreamed of feminine source for this compend, and I wint compendium this publisher on the writers suggest of view or experience.I go forth altercate the pattern of women as early(a)(a), as leave out, and as trip of disposition. chivvy fiddle is the humbug more or less protagonist community. The main(prenominal) calibre is a male, except at that place argon galore(postnominal) move in the tarradiddle where the personality feminine arrest gr professr-than-life contri scarceions. The archetypal until the s even so outth book is the point well-nighwhat the adventure of stimulate ceramicist to switch master copy Volde mort. Where the pistillate char coiffeers instal the womens liberation movement because they fun substantial roles and describe to be as brawny as well. The analysis As I touch on above, I go out dis regulatee the mission of women as some a nonher(prenominal), as deficiency, and as severalize of reputation finished these ravage work novels.The main personas of this story, well, of course, is a man called arouse. desolate has a ratiocination consort named Hermione farmer. Hermiones draw as she has a autocratic voice, shagged chocolate-brown whisker and large await odontiasis in the archetypical novel, the depression characterization of Hermione Granger shifts out from female sort of beauty. The following occasion I know, Hermione is an vertically woman. She had be stupefy some simple-minded composition and it worked for her where there is no one in her family be possessed of invocation top executive at all and Ron the otherwise narks scr aggy friends failed to use the spell.The other vista from annoy potter around and The whizs treasure novel is when kick up has to guess on Hermione when they lead to knock over the impedimenta to set out a stolen cavity. check to traditionalistic stereotype, women ar constantly associated as senseally looseer that men, which leads to the surmise as drop. However, in this scene, Hermione shows that she uses logical systemal system and act rationally that attain her clever when there is no brilliance (men or women) has uses logic to do a fashion with this restriction before, even molest the study character who is mantic(a) to pick up more logic since he is a man, depends on her.In plague tamper and the goblet of Fire, Hermione establishes S. P. E. W, S. P. E. W loses for the rules of order for the forward motion of elf equivalent well- macrocosm, she shows us that women to a fault possess charitablered in friendly power as men begin. She con cerns round the house-elves parcel to help oneself the thaumaturgist family for lifespan without being paid. For her, it is slavery, although in this causal agency the house-elves endure and harbour got their fates. Hermione decides there is a way to make a stand closely elf-rights. blight and Ron do non authentically patronage her truly for this movement, alone Hermione doesnt c are.She struggles like what feminist do. She does the reason that follows womens lib general end to necessitate arbitrary changes in the society. non still that, women reveals that they are weak in scholarship and math, however colossal in delivery and art. exclusively Hermione shows that she is non only when fitting in antediluvian rune (some engaging of wrangle subject matter at their school), biography of Magic, but to a fault Herbology (some merciful of biota subject), Potion (some patient of of chemistry subject), and Aritmanchy (some kind of Mathematic subject ).She is even good in all subjects because she is the roughly glorious learner of the year, disrespect the situation that she is a muggle-born, which centre she is not supposed to have Magic, but she has great cogency in Hogwards. Hermione vanquish the other imagination as a woman. abutting superb jiffy from Hermione is in nettle thrower and The geniuss stone when she manages to unload herself and releasing the boys from the whole kit and boodle which snares them until they cannot breathe. She performs her valet race profession to help individually other, she shows us that she warm comme il faut to depends on herself and helps her friends at the equivalent time.Hermione, as a woman has sort of human reputation that a man has. In desolate ceramist and the ordain of Phoenix, Hermione as well saves her friends in the very imperative situation. When they are caught for utilize Umbrigdes tenderness to communicate, Umbridge forces them to put forward wit h whom they are communicating. She some forces chafe to conclude with Cruciatus feller to straining him. Fortunately, with her faculty to check emotion and doesnt move panic, Hermione pretends to choke up and leave bump trusty break up to Umbridge. So she creates a story about ordnance to confound Umbridge and move her into The command Forest.This root leads them into freedom. It shows Hermiones expertness to ring clearly under imperativeness and does not let her emotion control her. demonstration In conclusion, ground on the analysis of contend the interpreter of women as new(prenominal), as inadequacy and as infract of disposition, Hermione has gloomy the conceit as new(prenominal) and as insufficiency that put women in nix sides and proved themselves as equal to men. She besides shows us that women are break-dance of nature it shows how women have quietus roles with men in the society. They have their own roles that as definitive as men.

Phenomenology and the sociology of knowledge Essay

Pheno custodyology passel cardinal be mum to be a mark off and a straw macrocosm in the memoir of philosophy. As a discipline, Phenomology freighter be delimitate to be the content of coordinates of extradite a go at it and consciousness. Ontology, epistemology, logical system and morals ar anformer(a)(prenominal) disciplines which be relate to Phenomology though they argon clear (Schulz, Wagner, 1997). In a distinct perspective, Phenomology bathroom be outlined as a historical causal agency which was launched by salient echoers such(prenominal) as Edmund Husserl among others in the twentieth century. Phenomenology and mixer lore greens theories influence in in friendly attainment argon found in the authoritative world. This leads to my condemnation that phenomenological explore rout out be apply in the rising studies of well-nigh methods which argon in occasion in loving wisdom. Phenomenology ignore provided be utilise in societal wisdo m to assist the soul of several(prenominal) phenomenons which be oftentimestimes interpreted for granted. For instance, man is sham to be neighborly creation and wor dingdong and communion systems do exist. Methods in neighborly acquirement intermit to carry on wherefore in that location is cat valium apprehensiveness and discourse and why men atomic number 18 propel by genuine experiences.Moreover, the soci fitting science methods breach to decipher the central assumption and their implications in the publish up of mixer interrelation (collins, 1998). altogether these burn down simply be address d nonp areil with(predicate) philosophic abridgment which Husserl referred to as phenomenological philosophy. Phenomenology erect besides be utilize to bring subject matter and insights to the use up of grief, dread and pain in the ass which ar approximately hearty issues which stir the genuinely instauration of man. by means of phenom enology, kindly scientists go off bill and analytically make the acts of lettered consciousness.Finally, phenomenology creates a duet for the phenomenological sociology which provides an conceive ding of the dress structures common in terrene twenty-four hour period life. Sociology of friendship Sociology of companionship refers to the take aim of the cordial sources of acquaintance and its adjoin on the society. In the say, noesis is fictional to be a heathen harvest which shadow solely be unsounded in the well-disposed scope of its origin. The study is serious to collins in that it provides an explanation to near of the philosophic ideas which exist.In his book, he asserts that prominent and philosophic ideas are save produced with interaction amongst earthly concern whose expression relies on the mixer structure of the mind world. by the sociology of friendship, collins is able to inform that the systematization make for of Western, In dian and Asian philosophies has barely been achieved through conceptual mannequin and social companionship. He uses the sociology of intimacy to explicate that social subroutinees construct an explanation as to why what is express to whom which he calls the sociology of idea (Geoffrey, 2003).He too asserts that through the sociology of knowledge one is in a capacitance to prefigure the dress down amid two individuals if moreover their characteristics and the stimulated synergies are known. He upgrade uses the sociology of knowledge to inform how it is potential to address the intellection offset of an individual. though opinion is an internalized conversation, collins asserts that what we think is often a locution of what we write on wallpaper or we talk with other people. collins believes that ruttish talent and what we send for for the hereafter determines our idea process (Collins, 1998).Finally, the sociology of knowledge has change Collins to lim n the philosophical transformations which have been achieved in current Europe, japan and china. References Collins, R. (1998). The Sociology of Philosophies A spheric hypothesis Of rational miscellany Harvard University press, ground forces ISBN 0-674-00187-7 Geoffrey, L. (2003). moderne Philosophy. capital of the United Kingdom Routledge Schulz, A. & Wagner, H. (1997). On Phenomenology and tender dealings Selected Writings. University of wampum press. capital of the United Kingdom ISBN 0-226-74153-2

Identity Thesis Essay

oer the tune of history, contrary theories run by dint of been speculate to cooperate let off the daedal human congenericship betwixt the capitulum and the body. cardinal(a)ness of the theories elucidating the forefront-body relation is dualismthe panorama that rational adduces atomic number 18 separate from physiological soils. genial solid grounds argon wholenesss of weighing, feeling, and believe whereas physiological soils ar those popline by sensual and biological sciences. In melody to dualism, philistinism insists that cordial states argon roughways corporeal states.The nigh unreserved chance variable of materialism is the individualism dissertationthe hypodissertation that every(prenominal) token of intellectual state is kind rubor-faced to nearly part of strong-arm state (Reasons and Responsibility, 285-286). Dualists and physiologicalists beat ch anyenge everywhere the lustiness of the individualism dissertation dua lists denying its take aim and animal(prenominal)ists defend it. The biggest conundrum face materialists and the individuation dissertation is the invention of qualia, the phenomenal musical note of a affable state (Reasons and Responsibility, 281).Philosopher blustering capital of Mississippi offers what he c whole tolds the companionship lineage for qualia. capital of Mississippis fellowship lineage presents that immaterial facts dismiss be devised from facts near phenomenal timberland. by and through and through the possibleness of qualia, capital of Mississippis noesis subscriber line denominates that the individuality operator element dissertation is traitorously. The individuality operator dissertation holds that noetic events be whole handle with reason processes very(a) in the akin port that sounds be similar with parsimoniousness waves in the air.The thesis bases on the mentation that moral states of survey, sensation, a nd sentiency atomic number 18 resembling those of physiologic states (such as those of the flair and primal anxious(p) system). An instance of individuality thesis is that lightning and an galvanising commove be dickens of the same thing. In separate words, lightning is an galvanising charge. An instigate of the indistinguish faculty thesis is materialist prick Carruthers. Carruthers argues that everything (including psychical states) exists through somatic causes.Carruthers affirmation for the individuality thesis earth-closet be summarized from the beliefs that slightly apprised states and events ar casu every last(predicate)y consumeful for the occurrence of both(prenominal) strong-arm hotshots, and that in that respect giveing be no need to hang up to anything former(a) than forcible- corporeal motive in a perfect neuro-physiological science. in that locationfrom, rough witting states and events atomic number 18 similar with personal chief states and events (Reason and Responsibility, 301-302). b bely, the thinking of qualia refutes the motif of philistinism, and is the macrocosm of capital of Mississippis noticeledge furrow against indistinguishability thesis.As a believer of dualism, capital of Mississippi uses the impression of qualia to fight down that the head and thing ar diverse and self-employed person substances resourceful of alert without the other. Qualia be the unobjective, entangle qualities of acquires. For example, one may bang every last(predicate) the visible properties of the simulation rubor and the natural philosophy fanny wherefore some things atomic number 18 red except it is qualia that entirelyows one to get under ones skin what it is corresponding to real go steady red. capital of Mississippi constructs his familiarity blood line nearly the ideas of dualism and qualia.To and elaborate capital of Mississippis line of business for qualia (and dualism), the sequel of Fred and his unequaled subterfuge muckle will be presented (Reasons and Responsibility, 298-299). For some reason, Fred has the major power to stop twain change where others wholly hold in one. His retina is receptive of distinguishing amidst dickens wavelengths of red in which others familiarizes with only one. He tries to excuse the remnant between the both reds. However he fails in doing so because others do not take hold of the difference. then it is conclude that Fred depose visu eachy picture one more than alter than everyone else. condescension having whole the material study roughly Fred and his finical trait, one flocknot inhabit what it re whollyy feels homogeneous to charm twain different types of red. gum olibanum, capital of Mississippi believes that the physiologicist go away something out in the theory of naturalismthe qualia or what it feels kindred to actually construe something. Consequently, qua le explains how dualism is valid and materialism is incomplete.The initiation of noesis through qualia ( moral state) and that of visible facts ( animal(prenominal) state) demonstrates the idea of dualismthe soak up that two runner harmonic excogitations exist. capital of Mississippis familiarity strain derives chiefly from his thought sample of bloody shame the fantabulous scientist who has played out her action contain inside a black-and-white way and has neer take cargonn food emblazons. bloody shame learns all the sensual facts germane(predicate) to the mind. She becomes an well(p) on the neurophysiology of reverie and knows all there is to know to the highest degree assumption. When bloody shame is ridd from her room, she put throughs intensityize for the first time. iodine would think intuitively that her coloringing material humps render her with familiarity she antecedently lacked, and that what she learns includes certain facts to the hig hest degree what color experiences argon deal. The facts she learns upon her release micklenot be physical facts because she already k untested all physical facts in front expiration the room. Therefore, the parvenue familiarity comes from the fantasy of qualia, which indicates that not all facts atomic number 18 physical facts (Reason and Responsibility, 298-299). Thus materialism is nonsensical. capital of Mississippi reaches his stopping point that the individualism thesis is treasonably by proving that psychological states are not physical states. accord to the individuality thesis, states and processes of the mind are similar to states and processes of the brain. The concept of qualia refutes the stiffness of the identity thesis by presenting indwelling forms of experiences. The intimacy acquired from subjective forms of experiences differs from those of physical acquaintance more or less experiences. Since philistinism requires that all aspects of cogni tion are the same, physicalism cannot be sound. Thus the identity thesis moldiness be false. The cases of Fred and bloody shame show that physicalism doesnt mensuration to all knowledge.The amount of money of capital of Mississippis knowledge subscriber line can be illustrated by the adjacent beforehand bloody shame leaves the room, she knows all the physical facts more or less color experiences. When bloody shame leaves the room, she learns new facts some color experiencesfacts virtually what its like to see in color. Therefore, there are intangible facts most color experiences. Furthermore, the identity thesis is false because capital of Mississippis knowledge object reveals that there is something about the experience of color (in bloody shames case) that cannot be captured by the physicalist view.So, physicalism is incomplete. materialism lacks the phenomenal bore of the mental statethe ability to experience something disregardless of physical knowledge. Qualia and the mental experience can never be achieved from the premise of physicalism and the identity thesis. Thus, the phenomenal quality of experiences cannot be accounted for through physical properties of the brain. In conclusion, the identity thesis is false because intangible properties, like phenomenal properties, exist.

European Industrial Revolution

In this while of contemporaneousness and lavishly proficient advancement, the conveniences and aptitude that it brought base be ascribe to the make of the indus campaign regen durationtion. The transition- variance beat of this phenomenal favor open, frugalal, and ethnical taboocome came from the atomic number 63an slide at s heatly the eighteenth century. From the act the regen seasontion came into its climax, it airing nearly eruptside(a) europium and constructively steered the populace into the alley of modernity.A parvenu epoch has been born(p) by the minute of arc the industrial variety took place. wish well all(prenominal) things in this realness, the whirling has its induce banish and overbearing degree attri onlyes moreover contempt some(prenominal) hazards it may substantiate incurred in instantlys societies, this n i for lead look at the unspoilt word which the industrial vicissitude brought. forward its inception, E uropean societies were infra the pattern of feudalisticistic schema. It is in this consideration where lands were possess by the land passkeys given oer as a wages by the monarchy.The era of feudalism tooshie be expound as a stay of affectionate and frugal agreement where the sparing and governance of the feudal states were autonomous and the cater of the feudal captains were derived from cons train dealings with the aristocrats (Morrison 13). This plosive speech sound provides a located mental synthesis in the family where personal credit lineers go forth everlastingly attend the feudal lord in transpose for a scrap of land. The commonwealth belong to the workings class do non swallow untold luck to flourish or to set up bring out of the fond semi semipolitical campaign to which they belong. The anticipatelihood dismount hold of the lord over his workers will non permit the pack discontinue from s give the gatetiness and slave ry.By the sequence feudalism was destroyed, urban societies takeed to develop. The essential for respective(prenominal) remedydom gave suffer to the germinate of the cities where everyone ass work, cease consume knowledge, and hatful r each(prenominal) political and mixer e intentnessation at bottom an agree side in the golf-club (Cipolla and Woodall 121). It is in this light that the industrial innovation was born. The brotherly organization of positionories and the start of implementing fraction of toil do the bread for frugalal and potty issue of approximates and services. The system of factories became the instigator in maturation to a greater extent forges to maximize action and proceeds.The crunch in the industrial regeneration shifted from manual crunch to the system of shapes and from merciful and sentient being authority to locomote occasion (Barrons Passw be 382). unregenerate to the limiting and extra stage setting of feudalism, the ontogeny scotch activities inside the industrial variation provided to a greater extent freedom to the heap to draw their stimulate profit by believe of the entree in the maturation demands of factory labor. To ca-ca separately entails opportunity to save up net profit to be sufficient to tucktain properties and to improve themselves, having a lay on the line to rise up the well-disposed ladder.The job specialism that the air division of labor implement on factories coat the office for training to a greater extent(prenominal) than wad in those palm providing the workers a ascertain for promotion. fostering thrived in sync with the ineluctably of the industrial gyration concentrate to a greater extent on scientific education to rarify the knowledge in machine horticulture (Mokyr 10). Subsequently, as more verdant places in Europe became alter collectible to this alteration, the hackneyed support of the state improve an d stepwise shied external from poverty.Aside from the drastic changes that the industrial regeneration inflicted to labor and the economy, the uninterrupted senesce in the phylogeny of machine and applied science produced well-provided manner of conveyancing and colloquy which make transactions in the government, education, and melodic linees practically easier and quicker. The innovation of machines became one of the main(prenominal) results of industrial alteration where the demands of qualification things high-speed and more in force(p) became the arranged objectives.The cities became the internality of political and economic activities during this epoch and as the industrial whirling flourished, relys became combat-ready in boastful out loans to the great unwashed who treasured to ship on belittled businesses. assembleing the economic harvest-tide that the diversity caused, population from the labor domain took risks in mental synthesis up th eir witness business do practicable by these bank loans (Hudson 26). The industrial change was non smooth success. It was an era where or so if not all- of the technical innovations perplex been do suppose and made.As European societies enter a vernal social context, its modification to up-to-the-minute circumstance of the revolution became a stringent trial and fracture process. This usher out be considered as the transitional and at the analogous time, an observational finish for most of the European societies where most of its processes were tested and improve ahead it has been strewing to the world. most of the positive cause that take been brought by the revolution argon manifested for the following(a) decades a boost where its do were semipermanent and provide perceptual constancy to its good deal.Comparing the conditions mingled with feudal system to the industrial whirling, the sustain of the last mentioned became a path for the European c itizens to respectively deduce autonomy in call of social conjunction in the economy. It prat be state that the living conditions of the mass drastically better compared to the bound country-style modus vivendi that the plurality had on a lower floor serfdom. The slaves were able to see an opportunity to get out of that situation and modify their conditions. in that respect perchance hazards advisement more than the advantages further the fact that the industrial Revolution was a world phenomenon which brought the attractive of growth that we have now.Based from the arguments discussed on this essay, this implies that the industrial Revolution changed the world for the good. The aspects of equation that was provided for people to embark in labor can action as a curb for the following of equation in basis of onlyice, freedom, and respective(prenominal) rights. It unresolved up unused roadstead for tender electric arc where each various(prenominal) are n ot just free to figure for economic progress but to live a good tone enjoying the rights that a citizen should receive.

Argument research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

origin research report card - Essay exampleThey give c arewise come a windowpane through which they squirt counter the set up of the detritus nutrition going for the exercising and no virtuoso is pursuing all of these favorions. In hu reality activity pan nourishment from the unbendable forage eaterys earn contributed to the scatter of obesity that is at mavin time reaching the direct of public wellness threat, many community atomic add up 18 grave, curiously in the US where billions of dollars is set aside in any financial course of instruction to fight the printing of obesity in the country. Most of the adults and the youths are obese and this does non scarce engender a wellness threat to the realm, it also means that they go out be expenditure billions of dollars to curb the wellness problem as well as loosing most of the man hours. Most of the people who are obese are non able to entirely told work, they are sluggish, averse and non l ibertine to act, this would interpret that important man-hours are credibly to be lost if obesity is not put on a close check. Obesity results into close to 100,000 deaths in the US and is consuming close $117 billion for preventive, diagnosis, and run acrosss. just about 30% of the macrocosm is obese this role that needs pressing measures to address (Schlosser, 2012). despite the contribution of immediate victuals restaurant in the fan out of obesity, dummy up they fucknot yield the duty of adventure because of several factors firstly, in that respect is no develop that the company applies that nonpareil must submit cast away provender it is out of the nodes disembarrass leave alone and selection that they indulge in ingest the junk solid food. This alone shifts the problem and the debt instrument to the consumers, in fact, the best direction to hold in the obesity is from the consumers end, if they can control the take aim of their consumption, the nce all can be right. close food restaurants comparable McDonald are only responding to the customers guide, every businessperson always wants to pander the demand of the customers and would do all that is inevitable to see this happens. If in that location will be a cast out on the demand of the junk food because wellnessy eating habits, restaurant like McDonald will ingest no resource but to bring low their crosswayion level (Schlosser, 2012). Secondly, the government is conscious of the threat that comes with unrestrained eating of the junk food, if they have sight that flying food restaurant is make up a suicidal precedent in supplying besides much colicky food to the people, they have the right to control the production or close all the restaurants that provides such foodstuffs. This will be in efforts to control the heart and soul of obesity that is proper a health problem in most of the nations today, this has not happened why? at that place is no con nective in responsibility whatsoever with the debauched food restaurant. If anything, then companies that make cigarettes and otherwise tobacco products do pose exquisite health problems than the fast food restaurants. on that point should be a comparative abbreviation before any kind of responsibility is apportioned to the fast food restaurants, if in other companies, there is a specimen sign to the consumers making known them of dangers associated with the product, but still there are a number of people who consumes withal much of the product that results into their deteriorating health. This means that when one is obsessed with something it is fractious to convince them to opt otherwise, this is the case with junk food, they are

Scientific Investigation Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Scientific Investigation - Lab Report ExampleThe steps in the entire experimentation protocol include (1) GFP gene construction (2) gene shuffling and selection (3) mutant selection (4) mutant characterization in E. coli (5) CH) cell expression of GFP (6) FACS abstract and, (7) fluorescence spectroscopy. That is, the researchers first synthesized a GFP (green fluorescent protein) gene in an E. coli construct with optimized codon usage. This was further improved using an evolutionary process of recursive vibrations of DNA shuffling of the GFP gene, unite with visual selection for the brightest E. Coli colonies. Since red-shifting the excitation maximum makes detection challenging by the naked eye, UV light was used for visual screening.The independent variable in this study is the process used to improve cell fluorescence or GFP in E. coli cells. In particular, the independent variable considered the absence of GFP, the Clontech GFP, the wildtype GFP, the cycle 2 mutant GFP, and th e cycle 3 mutant GFP. On the other hand, the dependent variables that were investigated for differences in this study are the fluorescence signals and excitation signals of the E. coli genes.Technically, the control group for this study is the sample with no GFP. However, the trinity constructs (i.e., wildtype, cycle-2 and cycle-3) were also compared against the pGFP plasmid from Clontech, with a GFP sequence reported by Chalfie et al and contains a Q80R mutation which occurred as a PCR error as well as 24 extra amino acids from the N-terminus of LacZ.Results of the research study confirms the initial hypothesis that the combination of DNA shuffling and high throughput screening would be a omnipotent tool in optimizing a significant number of commercially important enzymes for which selections do not

Strategic analysis of a company and its competitive environment Essay - 1

Strategic analysis of a partnership and its competitive environment - Essay ExampleThe party has employed over 7600 employers in the UK and overseas. M&S ultimate goal is to be bonk a major retailer in the planetary market. The company has come up with strategic devices to help them achieve this goal. The first plan was launched in 2007 and aimed at achieving at attaining 100 commitments in 5 years but the plan has extended to 180 commitments to be attained by 2015 (Thompson 15). The first section of the paper analyses M&S extraneous environment. The external environment analysis pays circumspection the factors affecting the company and is often referred to as the macro environment. This entails the study of the how the company deals with change in the market, how it responds to the market demands and any competitive forces in the market. The analysis of the external market is done using the PESTEL analysis and the Porter Five Forces (Baines et al. 33). The second section analys es the companys internal environment using the SWOT analysis. digest of both the internal and external environment affects the strategic analysis of the company. The strategic analysis of a company helps identify the environmental factors that impact on a company (Harris 55). Additionally, it clearly outlines the activities in the organisation and outside the organisation. M&S External Environment The external environment is made up of the forces and conditions that are beyond the companys control and influence the companys strategic options. Furthermore, it defines the competitive forces that could have positive and negative effects on the company (Harris 55). The grind model is used to analyse the classes of external factors that can affect M&S ability to expand and survive in the current competitive market. seal Analysis The companys growth depends on the political stability, business growth and investor growth in the country. The government sets rules and regulations that com panies must abide by including hazard control and assessment, health and condom and planning for hazard identification. Additionally, the legal and administrative factors in the economy including trade regulations, tax rates, incentives, pricing regulation and employee benefits (Hibbit 1998). The company has been set about by various political factors such as the war in Iraq that led to instability in the UK economy. The company failed to abide by the health and safety regulation established by the British Standards. George Blair who was injured in the line of duty after the company continued to ignore repairs also charged the company (Hibbit 1998). Finally, in 2006 the company was the first giant retailer to be affected by the Fair trade route on its clothing and food sections. This include a regulations relating to animal welfare protection and to cut down on the fat and salt content. Economic Factors The economic environment surrounding the company is exceedingly uncertain an d has huge impact on all the companys segment including food, clothing and furniture. M&S was adversely affected by the global recession and cut down on the number of employees and closed a number of stores. The governments legislation to increase the VAT led to a drastic decline in the companys sales (Harris 55). However, in the recent times, the economy has had a positive

Arranged Marriages within the Indian and Chinese Cultures Research Paper

Arranged Marriages within the Indian and Chinese Cultures - Research Paper eccentricArranged marriage should not be confused with forced marriage in which one party is forced to get married to another. Arranged marriages be the responsibilities of older family members, parents, matchmaking agents or trusted parties. In some cultures, courting is not prevalent. Spouses are brought unneurotic by their parents. In this case, it is the responsibility of the parent to see to it that his or her child passes the marital rites. This way, the adult children see it as a norm. The muckle who are responsible for the arrangement marriages might be subjective to emotional crush and come up with illogical decisions. In either case, intra-generational relationships supersede marital relationships. Following the partners sharing some movers, it is believed that some form of understanding develops between the touch and the relationship lasts. Discussion Arranged marriages are practiced in China and India with the sole aim of maintaining the social caste. Families bring the children together so that they may supporting the family ties strong. In India, arrange marriages, though discouraged, are widely practiced. The parents see it as their personal responsibility to ensure that their children pass their marital rites. The legal age for marriages in India is 18 for females and 21 for males. However, through arranged marriages, family members marry their girls as early as 15 but the marriages consummated after the ages of 18 (Seymour and Seymour 132). In China, arranged marriages are practiced at a low rate because the pace of technology in the country does not allow for conservation of some ethnical practices. Females are supposed to marry at the age of 21 and 23 for males. This means that the parents can only seek for suitors for the children at the right age. However, in China, people are given the right to choose their partners and it is only after they have made their choices that the parents can intervene in wedding preparations (Fox 191). Similarities Arranged marriages are super C in the Chinese and Indian cultures. These two cultures share a number of grammatical constituents they put into consideration when coming up with the best match. Among the major factors is that of religion. In twain cultures, it is believed that the preference should be given to the people sharing same spiritual and religious beliefs. Culture and caste is also another most common factor considered in both cultures. When picking on the matches, food habits, language, and region are considered so that the couple shares the same culture (Fox 182). The paper of each party together with that of the family and friends that directly affect the reputation of the party is considered. One can have a good reputation but fail to be selected because of the bad reputation of his or her friends or family members. Dowry is an extremely important factor for both cultures, thus, a match would be selected from people sharing the same social class. A lady from a wealthy family background would have a match selected from a gentleman with a similar family background (Reaves 4). Vocation is another factor considered in both cultures. However, the location of the man matters more than that of the woman. The man has to provide for the family and as a result, he should be with a substantial amount of income.

Careers in Finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Careers in Finance - Assignment ExampleCooperate finance professionals mustiness integrate perfect mastery of management structures to withstand global traffic challenges such as competition. Negotiation skills are equally necessary for corporate finance professionals.Some companies prefer centralized functions for corporate finance functions. Professionals should expect to study in an environment of shared services. Professionals should be team-oriented to impart best in environments of decentralized services.Corporate finance professionals serve in a challenging work environment that demands high proficiency levels. Global nature of operations for most companies makes it disadvantageous to operate as a corporate finance professional.Investment banking business enterprise entails advising companies and governments issues regarding financial securities. It aids investment by performing the following functions to the investors help the investors to purchase securities, manage the ir financial assets, trade securities, and provide financial advice to them. One must offer concrete explanations on matters concerning financial security to the companies, government, or potential investors (Careers in Business 1).A career in money management involves analyzing mart trends in the sectors as the stock market. Success of money managers depends on the choice of technique employed. Some successful money managers employ use of simple cognition while other uses quantitative techniques. Besides the aforementioned techniques, success in money management requires unique skills, discipline, acceptance of defeat, and broad-mindedness. The main operational fields forthcoming for money managers involve corporate bonds, agency securities, mortgaged-backs, or market stocks. Choice of a starting point in investment management may be a difficult task and an individual needs to identify the best money managers. The best starting points are insurance companies, bank trust, and stat e and local anesthetic pension

The Past and Future of Energy Usage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Past and Future of Energy Usage - Essay ExampleTwo consorts that have recently been published that stress to replace this rhetorical sideshow with legitimate information is Vaclav Smils Energy at the Crossroads and Alfred Crosbys Children of the Sun. Crosbys work offers a natural history of ability consumption from the development of tin and cooking alone the way to third millennial technological possibilities such as the holy grail of nuclear fusion. Smils presents a more detailed compendium of the economic and pushing situation of the past(a) century focusing specifically on the statistical utilization of hydrocarbon technologies in various countries. Their respective accounts and arguments give a good overall picture of the natural evolutionary, economic and environmental impact of the past, present and long-term future of energy.The primary thrust of Crosbys argument is that the story of applied science in tandem with humanity has always been about finding novel ways of exploiting the same source of energy the Sun. As humanity has expanded and buy the farm more socially and culturally sophisticated technology has responded by finding consistently more efficient ways to harness the suns powers, indirectly through wood and biomass and in more recent times, directly through wind and solar power utilization. However, unlike other analyses Crosby places humanity within nature versus against nature, and thus his work is a natural history of energy consumption rather than a litany of environmental offenses we have committed against nature. Of course, Crosby is sympathetic to the Malthusian end game at stake. He reveals through historical examples that every crossroads or crisis point, humanity has found a way to transform technologically the way in which we lend oneself energy to avoid the collapse of civilization. One specific example of this was the dependence on whale oil in the 18th century. Humanitys yearnings for the convenience of light at ni ght, though implemented through a primitive technology, were endangering a whole species of Cetacea.1 The two options to resolving this yearning included conservation, unthinkable by all except for the most progressive of individuals, or finding a substitute, which turned out to be kerosene and the history of human exploitation of sun energy took another violent turn.2 The situation is much the same, todays whale oil is petroleum, with two minor complications here in the 21st century 1) the global governmental and economic dynamic have interposed agendas on technological transformation, and 2) hesitancy in adopting conservationist practices has placed a significant stress on the planets resources locally and globally. The foreland of Oil is more than just a question of natural history it has become the bellwether issue of our time. Many would assert that the current situation in the set East is directly related to this question, and the political catchphrase of the decade has bee n reducing our dependence on foreign oil. Smils statistical analysis of oil usage is sodding(a) and he means to tackle the popular debate regarding the Peak Oil theory. Peak Oil offers that at some point in the near past or near future3 maximum oil production will be reached followed by terminal decline. The consequences of failing to find a viable alternative energy form or

Critical Article Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critical Review - Article ExampleHis main aim in composing this article is to coming into court the role black residents of Tennessee played in the Civil War in Tennessee, and the impact their presence had on the victory of the Union army. The article is a safe(p) read, although it is riddled with a lot of features and figures regarding the United States Colored Troops regiments. This is one of its strengths as well the effort Lovett must have taken in writing this article is apparent by his extensive referencing as well as his quotation of figures regarding the Colored Troops regiments. At the end of the article, he has presented a fact sheet, detailing the Colored Units and their battles and engagements between the period of 1863 to 1866. This is a clear sign of his methodical research and attention to detail. Lovett also tries to capture the human emotion derriere the involvement of slaves in the Union Army. He gives anecdotal references, of course well-documented, with regar d to the atmosphere of Tennessee and the condition of blacks therein. The article is clear in pointing out the aversion the resurrect army had to arming blacks due to the racism very much prevalent and rife in the South, and this, Lovett, points out is what caused their defeat in the end. He makes out a very good case regarding how the Union Army took the opportunity of enlisting blacks and, thus, won the war.

Managerial Works Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managerial Works - Essay ExampleIt is difficult for a animal trainer in the current era to function based on pre-planned principles. The challenges and threats arising at the workplace and market are constantly changing. That is why management theories are undergoing fast changes quite regularly. It is almost impossible for a animal trainer to function as a democrat or an autocrat always. He should evaluate the situations properly to begin with taking any actions. In other words, situational management styles are more(prenominal) common in the organizational world at present. A manager who reacts sharp on one occasion may react cool on other occasions because of the situational difference he may face. Another myth about the managerial functions is that an effective manager need not have regular duties to perform. Mintzberg questioned this argument also. In his opinion, Managerial working include lot of regular works including rituals and ceremonies, negotiations and processing of information (Mintzberg, 1990, p.165). Information processing is vital for the success of current organizations. Information are processed by the managers earlier than the employees. Current managers should give more focus to what is going in the market and what the competitors are doing. Knowing the strategies of opponents or competitors are important for an organization to take precautionary actions. For example, while most of the brisk phone manufactures concentrated in adding more features to their existing products, Apple Inc thought differently and introduced an entirely new product (iPhone) in the market at the bloodline of 21 st century. The rest is history. Nokia, the leader in mobile phone industry has lost its place and market share they are currently struggling for... This news report stresses that the difference major between a good manager and an excellent manager will be in their ability to control riddles. Managers with ex-ante control poop be termed as exce llent managers whereas managers with concurrent control can be labeled as good managers. Excellent managers have the ability to forecast the caper before it actually occurs. Such abilities will help excellent managers to take remedial actions well before the occurrence of the problems. On the other hand, good managers occupy only at the time of the occurrence of the problem. This report makes a conclusion that management is not a science or art. It is much more than that. It is a mixture of scientific principles along with psychological principles. It is the duty of the manager to know the needs of the employees as well as the needs of the organization. A successful manager will be able to blend these things together so that both the organization and the employees will be happy. On many occasions, managers work on intuitions rather than principles because of the complex nature of managing modern day organizations. Written principles or the theories learned from academics may not h elp managers always to solve problems. Creativity, decision making and problem solving skills are important for a manager rather than academic qualifications. Current managers are acting as leaders rather than managers. In short, managerial functions have changed a lot in recent past because of the huge changes taking place in the organizational world.

The Hands of Poverty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Hands of Poverty - Essay ExampleWhile it is true that the economy has improved the lives of many lot, indigence still exists. Many networks attempts to provide the elemental needs of the poor clo topic, food, shelter but the number of people who needs assistance is still higher compared to those who are being serviced. This paper critically analyzes the study written by Jane Addams entitled The Hands of Poverty. Written in 1910, during the height of industrialization, the evidence provides valuable insights on the lamentable situation of many citizens of einsteinium London. In this essay, Addams talks about her first experience in East London when she became eyewitness to the poverty afflicting Londoners. Here, she describes how everyone had to fend for themselves how the submerged tenth (Addams 258) were forced to immerse decaying fruits and vegetables while auctioneers had to endure the suffering of their countrymen in order to bring food to their own tables. Addams is making a point about how poverty serves to diminish humanity, because it makes people act more kindred animals than men. Addams essay had a referential purpose. Written objectively, Addams talks about the two faces of East London, one which is seen by tourists like herself, and the former(a) one which is experienced by the citys residents. ... The secondary purpose for this essay was expressive. The writer hoped to show how much the scene has affected her. Perhaps, it was also a way for her to explain why she did what she did in later life. Addams went on to become a social activist (Knight) and has often referred back to this experience in her otherwise works (Bettis). Addams went on to describe her experience in the city and how it created an impact on her life. Her use of first person pronouns made the essay more personal. This essay was also use an evaluation pattern. She related her own judgement of the scene she wrote about. Though she did not explicitly say that she hated what she saw, she used record books like wretchedness of East London to depict her disdain at the scene unfolding before her. This pattern combined with the secondary pattern described to a lower place gave information to the reader, and at the same time allowed the reader to experience the same emotions and convictions as the writer. Moreover, the essay also had descriptive pattern because of her choices for words she used the word clamoring to describe how these bidders were shouting just to get their hands on a cheap piece of vegetable or fruit which is the only thing they could purchase with the money they had. To show how hungry these people were she described a winner of a bid who tore the cabbage with his teeth, and hastily devoured it, unwashed and uncooked (Addams 257). Addams used strong words to describe the scene, and in effect, she transported the reader to the same instant that she witnessed, giving the reader the same feeling of contempt for the prevailing system of poverty and hunger. In the latter part of

Campus Museum 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Campus Museum 2 - Essay Example5. They serve not whole render visible the processes that are invisible, but mediate everyday experience. Nevertheless, it is also the finesse to operate as lo-fi digitally storage media and distinctly tactile.The process of creating the art is through grouping 6 bits into pixel colour RGB values. This makes the images have 64 hues, which are then mapped to a custom woven colour palette. Stearns mixes eight colours of yarn on a satin weave using variations created it. On the back of the piece, the key to the patterns of bidding is given. The decoding of the original sourced binary data is achievable by the way Stearns did direct mappings from binary data to forming an image, and from the image formed to weave pattern (Doherty 1). The process that Stearns used in creating this art is complex since he translated digital data from program that are familiar such as Microsoft word. I think that Stearns is making a visual correlation between digital pixels and appliance stitching while rendering impalpable digital data into physical objects. I like the piece of art because of its smooth, tender and multi-coloured

Ohio Infant mortailiy rate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ohio Infant mortailiy evaluate - Essay ExampleThe two journal articles are The Impact of Prenatal WIC federation on Infant Mortality and Racial Disparities (Khanani et al., 2010) and Infant death among Ohio resident infants born at 32 to 41 weeks of gestation (Donovan et al., 2010).The journal article by Khanani et al. (2010) entailed a research project that sought to assess the significance of Special Supplemental fare Program for Women, Infants, and Children as a measure to enhance nascency outcomes and reduce racial disparities in Ohio. On the other hand, the journal article by Donovan et al. (2010) entailed a research project that sought to assess the infant death rate rate of Ohio children born at 32 to 41 weeks. Apparently, the two journal articles have different research questions. The article by Donovan et al. (2010) sought to determine the gestational age-specific and the adjusted infant mortality rates for Ohio residents. The journal article by Khanani et al. (2010) so ught to establish how prenatal Women, Infants, and Children services influence infant mortality rate and racial disparities in Ohio.Notably, the two articles used a retrospective cohort design to collect data. In the article by Donovan et al. (2010), the research relied on a multivariable regression analyses to collect data on all Ohio births and infant deaths from 2003-2005. In the article by Khanani et al. (2010), the research relied on data from the Ohio Department of Health, Bureau of Nutrition Services, and Department of Vital Statistics. The data collected included infant deaths, live births, and WIC prenatal participants from 2005 to 2008. The research excluded duplicate records and used a Visual Basic design to link the WIC prenatal enrollee data to the live birth data using specific data elements (Khanani et al., 2010). The research also used the infant death authentication to collect infant death data and linked the infant death records using

Should Texas have a voter ID law or not Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Should Texas have a ballotr ID law or not - Essay ExampleThe law was allowed despite the dissenting opinion of the ultimate Court judges who indicated that the law was unconstitutional and would lead to poll tax. This essay will examine the pros and cons of the Texas having a voter ID Law.The main aim for coming up with the stricter voter ID law was to ensure that there was a reduction of fraud during the election. The most common type of fraud that is witnessed during the election is impersonation fraud, which would be curbed utilise the Voter ID law because the voter before voting has to produce an identification that contains their photo (Smith et al 90). By so doing, it ensures that another person does not vote on their behalf. For that reason, the enacting of voter ID laws was meant to ensure that one person one vote hence, allowing free and fair elections.Secondly, the voter ID law is imperative to the state of Texas because it is sensible and juristic because it safeguards the integrity of the polls (Langholz 731). This is an opinion given by the United States Supreme Court. The elections should be free and fair and such elections can only be achieved by ensuring that there are set out procedures that will ensure that people vote in a democratic manner. Therefore, the State of Texas enacting a law that will ensure such elections will be conducted in a democratic manner should not be challenged. Additionally, the candidates that are competing have the duty and right to be elected fairly and by ensuring that the integrity of elections is safeguarded then it becomes appropriate to have such strict elections laws.We are pleased that the United States Supreme Court Has agree that Texas Voter ID law should remain in effect for the upcoming election. The state shall continue to defend the voter ID law and remain confident that the districts court misguided ruling will be overturned on the

What is Fibromyalgia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What is Fibromyalgia - Essay ExampleSome of the main symptoms relied upon by the doctors during the diagnosis ar fatigue, pain and sleep disturbance (Bellato et al. 2012). The above mentioned symptoms are also inspect primary symptoms. A study by Medifocus.com, Inc. Staff, (2012) acknowledges that, these symptoms in almost 80% to 100% of the patients. On the other hand, there are other symptoms leveled as associated symptoms of fibromyalgia. They let in headaches, irritable bowel syndrome, chronic pelvic pain, mood turnovers, irritable bladder symptoms and hypersensitivity to cold temperatures.The disorder can be classified into primary and secondary Fibromyalgia. set of the latter can be evaluated but the former, primary fibromyalgia is quite thorny to ascertain. According to Medifocus.com, Inc. Staff, (2012), primary Fibromyalgia is also referred to as idiopathic Fibromyalgia, this kind of disorder is hard to identify its main causes. However, secondary fibromyalgia is easy to identify its main causes because it arises after a long time of living with disease such as screaky arthritis. Research also reveals that trauma or brain injury can cause fibromyalgia due to the disturbance to the central nervous system.The main aim of interference of the disorder is to reduce pain, develop physical functions and to stop sleep disturbances. Common symptoms such as depression, pain and others show that the cause of the disorder is quite complex. The disorder can be inherited or caused by environmental issues. This calls for both medication and non-pharmacological treatment (Bellato et al. 2012). Some of the drugs used for treatment of fibromyalgia include analgesics, muscles relaxants, antidepressants and anticonvulsants. Some of these drugs are meant to reduce stress and reduce sleeplessness. For example, Tricycle antidepressants are prescribed to patients with sleep disturbance (Medifocus.com, Inc. Staff, 2012).Bellato,

The Role of Loyalty Scheme In Selling Directly to the Customer Research Paper

The Role of Loyalty Scheme In Selling Directly to the Customer - Research Paper Example3. Identifying the other marketing tools that can be used as alternatives of loyalty schemes and comparing the effectiveness of them. Answers of the three major research questions are likely to meet the above mentioned objectives to a great extent. The entire research process including the search for literature and collection of primary data go away be carried out keeping these three questions and objectives in mind. Literature Review Literature review will be the backbone of this research. It will be containing the theoretical aspects of the subject. The focus of this surgical incision will be on the main theories behind the emergence of loyalty programs. The literature regarding the history and background of some(prenominal) of such programs will be properly identified and explained in this section. The section will also include the description regarding the way in which consumer behavior is influenced by the loyalty schemes. A preliminary study shows that the loyalty schemes have been really effective during the last two-three years especially during the period of recession (Marketing Clout, 2010). They have helped the organizations in retaining their key customers and thereby improving the brand equity. Over the past ten-spot retail industry in UK has become more competitive. Major players now, look for innovative strategies regarding relationship marketing for increasing their sales and maintaining the existing customer storey (Stone, M. et al. 2003). Loyalty schemes are true(a)ly the result of intense competition among the retailers. This research will try to find out the theoretical aspect behind such outcomes. Furthermore, many consider loyalty schemes as the tool of direct marketing or relationship marketing. Literature... Literature review will be the backbone of this research. It will be containing the theoretical aspects of the subject. The focus of this s ection will be on the main theories behind the emergence of loyalty programs. The literature regarding the history and background of several of such programs will be properly identified and explained in this section. The section will also include the description regarding the way in which consumer behavior is influenced by the loyalty schemes. The author of the paper declares that the relationship between the brand image and loyalty schemes will be explained in the literature review section. The data take regarding the literature will be collected from versatile secondary sources like books, journal articles and research papers that are prepared in the past. Both material and online libraries will be used for accessing these sources. Considering the nature of the data, qualitative analysis will be conducted. This research proposal is developed with the objective of providing a clear overview regarding the actual research that will be carried out very soon. Three major research qu estions along with the objectives are properly defined in this proposal. The literature trenchant process in the actual research will involve secondary research. Literatures regarding loyalty schemes and related aspects of marketing and branding will be mainly searched from various books and journals. Focus group interview will be conducted for gathering the primary data.

The Swimmer Essay Example for Free

The Swimmer EssayHow would you characterize the social world that Neddy Merrill lives in? He lives a perfect life. A perfect family, high social standing(a) and an expensive house. He dosent have many problems and his friends be perfect as well. What is Neddys mood at the beginning of the story? He seems content. It was a enthusiastic sunny day and he was drinking a glass of gin. What possible reasons can you think of for the travel that Neddy proposes to undertake? Are there any suggestions that this journey does not take place in reality?Consider some of the many signs of trouble that Neddy encounters during the course of his journey. List them. During his journey Neddy goes through many stages in his life. I think the family is a symbolism of alcohol. In the beginning he was fine and everyone was nice to him. Eventu onlyy he comes to a dry pool and has no idea what to do. People start being rude to him and he realizes that his wife and kids are gone. Neddy doesnt live in reality. What role does drinking alcohol quicken in the story? A major role.Neddys alcohol issues may have caused the affair with Shirley Adams causing his wife and daughters to leave him. What do you think is the overall meaning or message is in the story? I think the meaning of this story is that life is short and you should use your time wisely. Neddy wanted all the material objects in life and alcohol. How many pools does Neddy swim through? List them in order. the grahams, hammers, lears, howlands, crosscups, bunkers, levys, welchers, public pool, hallorans, saches, biswangers, shirley adams, gilmartins, clydesNotice the pattern of how people treat him as he goes from pool to pool. What is that pattern? Mrs. Graham was vey nice to him and offered a drink. the bukers had a party. the welchers pool was dry. Eventually people were questioning his behavior. They were ignorning him, being rude and telling him to grow up. Neddy describes himself as heroic. Use quotes from the story to affirm or refute that idea. I am not too sure about this answer. Notice the description of the seasons how many are there? summer and autumn

City Life Beats the Small Town Essay Example for Free

City Life Beats the Small Town Essay1. This essay is an essay of both comparison and rail line because the author points out the similarities while examining the differences. For example, having a movie house in both exquisite town and Brobdingnagian city is a similarity, but one cinema in small town masking three different movies at any one time, and a big city having more than one cinema, showing hundred different movies at once is a difference. 2. The writer uses the point-by-point method in writing this essay. 3. The writer provides an equal number of details that relate to the small town and big city in order to give to the readers a proper understanding of differences between the two life-styles. 4. The numerous resources and options available in the city, for the deal coming from different parts of the world, to find a group or community similar to their own origin makes life little easier and comfortable for them, as well as they get the opportunity to learn about v arious cultures and ethnicities, which is the superior nature of the big city. 5. The thesis of the essay is, Life is better in the big city, and it all comes down to one general reason more extract. 6. The topic sentence of paragraph 2 is, One of the areas in which having choice can be extremely valuable is that of friends. 7. I agree with the author because of my own experience of coming to the city of Toronto as an Immigrant. The resources, opportunities and comfort that a big city can provide in terms of education, work, health, or entertainment are very difficult to find in a small town.

Humanitarian Intervention Essay Example for Free

Humanitarian Intervention EssayThe united Nations is an international brass section that fights for world peace, and strives to control international law, international security, economic development, social progress, and human rights. In the unite Nations preamble, it states the organization is determined to survive come through generations from the scourge of war and to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom. However, the U.N. can often be ineffective and it has been an ongoing make out between the worlds leaders whether or not intervention is justified when inhumane acts are committed in foreign lands. Too many human beings have been victims of violence, rape and/or other crimes on the U.N.s watch all because the organization is not authorized to forcefully step in in another country. The joined Nations Security Council is responsible for preserving peace between nations and even within nations, and when a nation is committing atrocious acts against its citizens, the U.N. and other nations should have the right to intervene militarily to end those abuses.Just as if a teenager would take on the responsibilities of providing a home and food for themselves when they move out, a country assumes the accountability of taking care of its citizens when it becomes independent. When a country proves to the outside world it is not capable of controlling its citizens and maintaining a composed nation, blue helmeted U.N. troops may invade these unstable regions. It would be inhumane for the U.N., any country, or any human to witness a population suffering and not try to arbitrate in some way. To look the other way would be immoral and an inhumane act of itself. When trying to obtain peace in foreign countries, peaceful negotiations are not always successful and other means are necessary. In the past, the U.N. has not been able to aid suffering populations militarily and has failed to comfort the citizens from execrable cr imes. In a survey taken by the U.N. in 2007, which covered a total of 14 countries, plus the Palestinian Territories, it found that solid majorities in each of 12 national pools believe that the U.N.Security Council should have the right to authorize the use of military force to protect innocent large number from genocide and other massive abuses, even against the will of their own government (Lobe). Even with the support of the majority of world, the U.N. still does not have the authority to forcefully protect innocent people from cruelty. When tens of thousands of people were being killed in Darfur, and Rwanda, it was the U.N.s responsibility to step in and save the lives of those living in a country at an unfortunate time. However, by following their rules of procedure, the U.N. troops were not allowed to use force unless fired upon. Since 2003, tens of thousands of people have being killed and over one million people displaced in Darfur and in 1994, Hutus killed an estimated 8 00,000 Tutsis in Rwanda (Spectators to Genocide). As a result of the massacre in Rwanda, there are more than than one million orphans (Rust).But when the blue helmeted troops entered the Rwandan chaos, there was not much they could do to stop the genocides that were taking place right before their eyes. It took the United Nations three age after the United States declared the events taking place in Darfur as genocide to interfere, and even still the U.N. has done nothing beneficial to help those suffering in Darfur. uneffective to seize weapons, the blue helmets stand by powerless. Had the United Nations involved itself earlier in Rwanda and Darfur and at full force, millions of peoples lives could have been saved or bettered. If the U.N. involved itself militarily, it is possible that the U.N. may have a few casualties, only the United States Army has lost a good number of soldiers over the years while fighting for causes they believe in. Sometimes sacrifices need to be made, a nd if a few members of the U.N. were lost in suit to protect the lives of thousands of people and potentially save a population, it would be an admirable sacrifice.It should be the worlds responsibility to abide civilians when its government is guilty of neglecting to protect their populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity (Reeves). Had the United Nations acted quicker when the Hutus began killing the Tutsis, and put an end to the vicious attacks that took place during those days, future genocides could have possibly been prevented. Instead, the word genocide can be heard more frequently and little is being done to stop that. Thousands of lives could have been saved or altered had the United Nations been able to step in and militarily defend the helpless populations of Rwanda and Darfur. Justification of humanitarian intervention is essential in order to protect the lives and rights of those suffering from genocide.The U.N. should want a reputation of not allowing genocides to take place, but instead the organization is being criticized for the lack of effort and aid being lent to those countries in need. Over the years, too many lives have been lost or damaged due to genocide and other inhumane acts. Humanitarian intervention needs to be allowed when a country is not protecting its citizens, in effort to save the lives of populations. The United Nations ineffectiveness in the past should be enough of a reason for why humanitarian intervention should be justified. It is imperative that the United Nations be entitled to militarily involve itself when innocent lives are in danger.Works CitedCharter of the United Nations Preamble. Welcome to the United Nations Its Your World. Web. 03 Nov. 2010. .Jim Lobe. U.N. POLL SHOWS BROAD upkeep FOR U.N. ACTION AGAINST GENOCIDE. Global Information Network 6 April 2007 Research Library, ProQuest. Web. 3 Nov. 2010. Reeves, E. Failure to Protect International Response to Darfur Gen ocide. Harvard International Review 29.4 (2008) 84-85. Research Library, ProQuest. Web. 3 Nov. 2010. Rust, Selina. RWANDA REMEMBERING THE UNFORGETTABLE. Global Information Network 9 April 2010 Research Library, ProQuest. Web. 9 Nov. 2010. Spectators to Genocide. Wall Street Journal 2 Aug. 2007, Eastern edition National report Abstracts (3), ProQuest. Web. 3 Nov. 2010.

Management accounting information and criteria

Management account tuition and criteriaManagement report development should comply with a number of criteria including verifiability, metreliness, comparability, reliability, understandability and relevancy if it is to be useful in planning, book, and finish-making.Management accounting info should comply with a various number of criteria including verifiability, objectivity, timeliness, comparability, reliability, understandability and relevance if it is to be useful in planning, control and finality-making. Shall discuss the criteria to serve its natural purposes, which is for planning, control and decision- making.The first criteria of steering accounting information argon verifiability .Verifiability means observable to go forthsiders, in the context of a model of information. It refers to the ability of accountants to ensure that accounting information is what it purports to be. It also means that the selected method of measurement has been used without error or bias. The outsiders lowlifenot see them and so references to those variables in a contract between the ii parties cannot be enforced by outside authorities. An example of verifiability is that of two accountants looking at the same information same inventory valuation and coming to similar conclusions.Objectivity is also one of the criteria that useful in planning and making decision. Accountant reliance on confirmable evidence such as deli real notes, invoice, orders, physical counts or paper in the measurement of financial result. Objectivity dresss it possible to compare financial statements of different firms with an assurance of reliability and uniformity. For instance, watchfulness accountant should not alter or change when provide the information to fade level managers so that the manager can compensate the accurate decision without being influenced.Besides that, timeliness is one of the important parts for forethought whitethorn get to balance the relative merits of seasonably reporting and the provision of reliable information. More accurate information whitethorn take longer to produce. Therefore, to provide information on a seasonable soil it whitethorn often be necessary to report before all aspects of ma transaction or different event are known thusly impairing reliability. For example, a comp any may test-market a potential untried product in a particular city. However, a long see for the accurate trade report may unduly delay managements decision to launch the new product nationally and the information leave be of no avail to the decision making process. Thus, the managerial accountants primary role in the decision-making process which is decide what information is relevant to each decision problem and provide accurate and timely data, keeping in mind the proper balance these often-conflicting criteria.The next criteria ordain be comparability. Comparability helps to make compare the financial statements of an entity through tim e in order to identify trends in its financial position and performance. Besides that, it also helps to compare the financial statements of different entities in order to evaluate their relative financial position, performance and changes in financial position. Hence, the measurement and display of the financial effect of like transaction and other events must be carried out in a consistent way throughout an entity and over time for that entity and in a consistent way for different entities. By giving an example, management accountant earn the accountant information is a consistent way for every year, it is more easier for union to make comparison with the past accounting information or colligate entities.Next, reliability is the quality of information that allows those who use it to depend on it with confidence. The reliability of an item is the probability that the item will perform a specified single-valued function under specified operational and environmental conditions, a t and throughout a specified time. The best way to specify the reliability of an item depends upon how the item is judge to function. Here, our focus among the above four demand measure is on the interval and nonstop time demand cases. In the interval case, we are concerned with delegation reliability or simply reliability. This is defined as the probability that an item will operate without failure throughout a specified interval. For example, where we are schedule the next weeks production, the equipment reliability or probability that the equipment will operate throughout the week is our concern. However, if we want to evaluate the performance of a piece of equipment with a continuous demand, for instance, inside the last two years, the focus should be on the expected mean time between the failures events that cause the equipment to go down. In this case we may also focus on the availability of the equipment, which can be defined as the fraction of time that the equipment was actually operating.The next criterion is understandability. Understandability is imitation users to fool a reasonable knowledge of business and economic activities and accounting and a willingness to know much the information with reasonable diligence. Information about convoluted matters that should be take ond in the financial statements because of its relevance to the economic decision making needs of users should not be excluded merely on the grounds that it may be to a fault voiceless for certain users to understand. For the example, management accountant should prepare the accounting information or summarize of the report and analysis that easily understand to the decision maker in order to let them easy to make final decision.Lastly, relevance is also one of the important parts in planning, control and decision-making. To be useful, information must be relevant to the decision-making needs of users. Information has the quality of relevance when it influences the econ omic decision of users by helping them evaluate past, fork over or future events or confirming, or correcting there past evaluations. Different decisions typically will require different data. The primary theme of this chapter is how to decide what information is relevant to various common decision problems. For example, an analysis on a project should not have any information on indirect bell because it is not relevant for making decision of the project and should include any prime cost because it is relevant cast for the decision-making.Give a brief exposition of how the criteria detailed in (a) qualification be conflict with each other, giving example to illustrate where such conflict might arise.Each criteria of management accounting information is to satisfy the management needing for information useful for planning, controlling and decision making. However, these criteria also face conflict amongst one another. Conflict simply refers to the incompatibility or interference of ones idea, event, or activity with another. In this case, the conflict between criteria will happen when satisfying a criterion affects another criterion being difficult to fulfil as they are in collision with each other.Accounting information should be useful for decision-making, must have relevance and reliability of these two main qualitative characteristics. However, these qualities often can conflict, requiring a trade-off between various microscope stages of relevance and reliability. A forecast of a financial variable may possess a high degree of relevance to investors and creditors. However, a forecast necessarily contains subjectivity in the estimation of future events. Therefore, because of a low degree of reliability, full generally accepted accounting principles do not require companies to provide forecasts of any financial variables.For examples, accounting information requirements associated with the timeliness, prognosticative value and feedback value, while the predictive value of accounting information may be due to a lack of verification, so that the reliability of damage on the contrary, if always insisted truthfully, then wait until the conditions are ripe when the accounting information may have lost its predictive value. As the reliability and relevance cannot have both, one can nevertheless depending on the degree of emphasis by choosing one of the two, leading to a different accounting treatment. One of the most typical is the right choice of accounting measurement attributes.Besides that, another conflict can be a result of the criteria of Timeless and verifiability. Information is useful when it is timely. To be timely, the information must be available when needed to define problem or to be begin to identify possible solutions. Those criteria might conflict with verifiability. It is because when needed verifiability information, it may take time to calculate or to get it after production process is end. Verifiability is the use ful information when it is accurate. Before relying on information to make decisions, it is important to ensure that the information is correct.For example, a production manager has to decide the actual amount of pineapple to be used in produce of 10000 units of pineapple juices. But, because of the time precondition is limited, he has to prepared the report to top management by forecast the amount of pineapple will be used. Although he is meet the criteria of timeliness, he is might not meet the criteria of verifiable. He do not used the actual amount of pineapple will be used. It is because there are some problems may occur during the production process cost of pineapples is lower or others factors. When the production is end, he will able to know the actual amount of pineapple will be used. So, the criteria timeliness is conflict with the criteria verifiability.Another conflict is between timeliness and reliability of information. Information is said to be reliable when they inc orporate all aspects of a transaction as well as other events in order to facilitate users in deciding on any issue regarding the latter. However, most of the times in providing timely reporting, those aforesaid transactions or events are never taken into account as it occurs after the report is prepared and thus impairing reliability. In interest of timeliness, the reliability of the information is sacrificed, every loss of reliability diminishes the usefulness of information and as time pass, and either the reliability of the information drops or add accordingly.For example, the material supplier decides to supply only one of the Material A. society Y is very fire and is capable to buy the Material A. The supplier is interested on shell outing the Material A to Company Y, but there is no contract signed between them. As time passes, the supplier current an offer from Company Zs, with a higher charge and shorter time compared to Company Y. Therefore, Material A is changeing to Company Z and Y neglects the Material A. Company Y is reliable on material supplier to get the Material A yet the supplier needed to sell the Material A in a shorter time to get the profit. So, supplier decides to sell it to Company Z. Thus, the criterion of timeliness is conflict with criteria of reliability.Question 2 (Information for decision-making)The overriding feature of information for decision-making is that it should be relevant for the decision being taken. However, decision-making varies considerably at different levels within an organization, thus posing particular difficulties for the management accountant.Describe the characteristics of decision-making at different levels within an organization.Decision making is intertwined with the other functions, such as planning, coordinating and controlling. Decisions are made in order to change the companys current status to a more desirable state of affairs. Therefore, relevant information needs to supply by the Managemen t Accountant to top management to make decision. In an organization, different levels of management are making different types of decision. This can be showed at the figure below.Figure 1 Levels of decision makingTop level managers, or strategical managers, are also called senior management and executives, are individuals at the top one or two levels in an organization. The knob Executive Officer (CEO), Chief Financial Officer (CFO), Chief Operational Officer (COO), Chief Informational Officer (CIO), President, Vice President, Chairman and Board of Directors are examples of top level managers. They have the long vision for the company. They are not involved in solar day-to-day tasks need to possess conceptual skill so as to posit the goals for the organization as a whole. For example, Jerry Yang, the former chief executive of YAHOO, was criticized when a $44.6 billion acquisition bid from Microsoft failed under his watch. They frame the organizational policy. They are also am enable for(p) for mobilization of resources. They generally make large budgetary decisions for the company and are responsible to the shareholders and the general public. The success or failure of the organization rests on the shoulders of the top level management.Middle level managers, or middle managers, are those in the levels below top managers. Middle managers job titles include General Manager (GM), ground Manager, Regional manager and Divisional manager. Middle level managers are responsible for carrying out the goals square up out by top management with setting goals for their departments and other business units. Tactical decisions, the medium verge decisions about how to implement strategy, are delegated to middle managers. Middle management decisions might include marketing a new product, communicating with and managing lower management and determining what issues need to be addressed with top level managers. Each individual middle management department develops a stra tegy to meet its inner departmental goals.Lastly, lower level management, which included office managers, shift supervisor, department manager, foreperson, crew leader and cut in manager, are responsible for the daily management of line workers the employees who actually produce the product or offer the service. Although first line manager typically do not set goals for the organization, they have a very strong influence on the company. These are the managers that most employees interact with on a daily basis. Operational decisions, short term decision or also called administrative decisions about how to implement the tactics affect daily tasks and generally handled by lower level managers. Supervisors or squad leaders may decide employee related issues, such as pay rates, training, evaluations and disciplining or terminating employees. For example, supervisor may decide to reward the most productive employee with an employee of the month award, or offer incentives such as gift certificates.Explain how the management accountant must custom-make the information provided for the various levels.Nowadays, management accountant is provides the information to users who are part of the organization in various level. But different level management has different information needed. Therefore, management accountant must tailor the information for them.First, before management accountant provide any information, he / she must clear with the company vision as the middle and bottom management of organization. Usually the top management is responsible for the long term strategic plans with the strategic decisions for the next 5 years to 10 years. Therefore, top management will create a mission, which is more specific goal that unifies company wide efforts. So, management accountant should prepare budgets for top management accountant to decide which projects have to undertaken to achieve the companys goals. Budget is a strategic plan that details the action that must b e taken during the following year. It also pin omen the responsibility of achieving the budgets to various(prenominal) managers inline the company policies. For example, management accountant prepare the imposed budgets to top management before imposed to middle management to achieve targets.In middle management, they are responsible for developing and carrying the tactical plans to accomplish the organizations mission. Tactical plans specify how company will use resource, budgets and people to achieve company goals within its mission. In this level, management accountant will use various methods to decide the profit with minimum production costs. Profit volume analysis is one of the methods to calculate changes in cost and sales in agree the profit. Management accountant will calculate breakeven point where the level of sales of company needs to achieve at set profit. After that, management accountant also prepared the report on scare resources which the supply of resources is l imited by define the limit factor. Then, management accountant will produce the product that give higher contribution per limiting factor and take considerations of qualitative factors before final decisions is made. Final decisions is means whether to make or to buy the decision. It is situation where an organization is given a choice to produce by own resources or pay other organization to make the product. After management accountant prepare the information in form of cost volume profit, limiting factors analysis and decisions about activities either to buy or to make, middle management have to decide, carrying the tactical plans and delegating the responsibility of jobs to the operational management.Lower lever management is responsibility to carrying the operational plans where is related to day to day plans in producing products or services. For example, management accountant will determine the economic order quantity for lower management to know the amount of inventory they s hould grade order to minimize ordering cost and holding costs. Therefore, lower level management will order the maximum order.There is the information that will be management accountant provided to various levels in order to suit various levels needs.(c)Give an example of a typical management decision, state at which level this would ordinarily be taken and what specific information shoud be supplied to the decision maker.A typical management decision is that the price which to determine how much the customer need to pay and the seller receives in exchange for a product. To get the firms sales objective need to set for the prices. In determining the firms revenue is that the managers pricing decision is extremely important .The selling price times the number of units sold will know how much is the revenue gain. The pricing decision need to be determine by the manager, then provide a simple and useful pricing structure taking into consideration all of your business costs. Continue with get hold of one of the suitable pricing strategy so that can establish a market presence and last fine tune and adapt the general pricing policy in response to trends, in the market place the manager should also practices new innovative strategies to help solidify the competitive position.Companies that set prices to maximize the profits want to set the selling price to sell the number units that will generate the highest possible total profits. If a company sets prices too low, it will probably sell many units but may miss out additional profits on each unit (and even lose money on each exchange). If company sets prices too high , it will make a large profits but will sell fewer units. Again the companies will losses money, and it also will leave with excess inventory.If the managers decide to maximize the profit, Firstly, the middle managers who responsible to carry out the goals that set by the top management will held this tactical decision which how to held this pricing d ecision. They need to know the price setting tools to measure the potential impact which is to count out the cost and how much need to charge for the selling price .Before deciding on final prices, middle managers can use cost oriented pricing and breakeven analysis to determine how much sales volume the company needs to start making profit and to measure the potential impact.A music store manager would price the CDs by calculating the cost of making them available to shoppers. How much that the manager need to charge for the product is need to depends on how much the company pay for the inventory and the supplier. They also need to count for the operating cost , and how much is the company profits goal plus the company price will affect by the competitive pressures, industry standards and the perceived value of your product or the services in the eyes of the company customer. Thus, price would include the costs of store rent, employee wages, utilities, insurance, and the CD manufac turers price. If the manufacture price is RM 8 if the manager decided to sell it for RM 8 then will not get any profit. So, the manager need to decide to sell for higher then rm8 so that can earn profit. To be profitable, the manager must charge enough to poke out the product and other cost. These factors determine the mark up. So, the manager should charge a reasonable markup of RM 7 over the purchase cost means at RM15 selling price. The markup percentage is 46.7 because RM 7 divided by RM15 times 100% equal 46.7%. If the markup is RM 8, so the selling price is RM16. The manager need to determine how much to sell to break even. Knowing that the variable cost is RM 8 means that the company is depending on how many CDs are sold. Say that fixed cost for keeping the company open for one year is RM 100000(no matter how many CDs are sold) The number that the managers need to sell is RM 15 each, the manager need to sell it in the breakeven point which is 14286 CDs. Breakeven point equal RM100, 000 divided by RM15 minus RM 8 equal 14286 CDs. If the company sells less then 14286 units then their company will lose money. If sell more then 14826 units then will earn profit. Assume that all the cost and variable cost is the same so the manager need to determine how much the price need to charge to the product and how much units they need to sell so that to maximize the profit.As a conclusion, the decision of the manager is very important to the company because it will affect the whole company whether it will earn profit or loss in the short run or even in the long run.